In the last decades of the 17th century during the reign of Spain's last Habsburg king, Charles II, despite intermittent conflict between Spain and France and new internal conflicts like the Revolt of the Barretines (1687-1689), the population increased to approximately 500.000 inhabitants[57] and the Catalan economy recovered. Some cities like Barcelona gained recognition of self-defense and established urban militias, known as the Coronela. Public use of the Catalan language was again banned after a brief period of general recuperation.[65]. The borders of the corregimientos were originally set by the edict of the. The Little Prince Der Kleine Prinz Le Petit Prince El Petit Príncep. The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 laid the foundations of the Monarchy of Spain. L'Avenç núm 275. desembre 2002. p. 31, President of the Deputation of the General, Liber maiolichinus de gestis Pisanorum illustribus, Royal Audience of the Principality of Catalonia, List of Presidents of the Generalitat de Catalunya, "Modernity, globalization and nationalism: the age of frenzied boundary-building", "Gerbert d'Aurillac devient Sylvestre II", History of the Archdiocese of Tarragona. [24] During the reign of Alfons, in 1173, Catalonia was legally delimited for the first time, while the first compilation of the Usages of Barcelona was made in the process to turn them into the law of Catalonia (Consuetudinem Cathalonie). It commonly heard pleas of the crown, civil, and criminal cases. The cort had authority in all matter save those relating to the feudal aristocracy. "Del nom i la identitat de la Corona d'Aragó a l'edat moderna". [37][38] The Catalan Company, mercenaries led by Roger de Flor and formed by Almogavar veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, were hired by the Byzantine Empire to fought the Turks, defeating them in several battles. That Carner had significant influence in the institutionalization of the Catalan language will therefore come as no surprise. The term ‘noucentist’ – coined by Catalan essayist and philosopher, Eugeni d’Ors – was meant to capture the movement’s desire for newness. Catalan became the language of the Kingdom of Majorca, as well the main language of the Kingdom of Valencia, particularly in coastal areas. What is beauty? Catalan was therefore born in France, and so rightly considered himself French. [85], By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees. In 1492 the Spanish colonization of the Americas began, and political power began to shift away towards Castile. Since then, these last three counties were always ruled by the same person, becoming the political core of the future Principality of Catalonia. After the defeat of Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqiwas's troops at Tours in 732, the Franks gradually gained control of the former Visigoth territories north of the Pyrenees, which had been captured by the Muslims or had become allied with them, in what is today Catalonia under French administration. [21] This included a joint Catalan and Pisan Crusade against the Taifa of Majorca (1114) and the conquest of Tarragona (1116), restoring in the last one the archiepiscopal see of the city (1119), disbanded after the Muslim conquest. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Within the first few days, he is attacked by a beast. [23] The reign of Ramon Berenguer IV saw the Catalan conquest of Lleida and Tortosa. It played on the Catalan word ‘nou’ which means both ‘new’ and ‘nine’, signifying the ‘ninth’ century of the millennium, and its potential for new ideas. 85 fans. Considering the rules of succession his father had drawn up just before his death, it was crucial that his only child; his daughter Claudine, make a suitable marriage. Prince Jonnie Catalan is on Facebook. Variant. Location superimposed to current borders, Catalan constitutions (1283–1716) and the 15th century, Bisson, Thomas Noël. de Catalunya fins a 1714 en comparació als altres regnes d’Espanya i d’Europa", Res Publica 22.2, This lack of definition is what makes ‘Europe’ so easy to attack by the ‘Euroskeptics’. The compilations of the Constitutions and other rights of Catalonia followed the Roman tradition of the Codex. [33], In order to recapt the "tax of the General", the Courts of 1359 established a permanent representation of deputies, called Deputation of the General (in Catalan: Diputació del General) and later usually known as Generalitat, which gained an important political power during the next centuries. An iron using culture first appeared in eastern Iberia in the 8th century BC. [58], At the dawn of the War of the Spanish Succession, the Bourbon Duke of Anjou claimed the throne of Spain as Philip V, and the Principality initially supported his claim. [15] During the 9th and 10th centuries, the counties increasingly became a society of aloers, peasant proprietors of small, family-based farms, who lived by subsistence agriculture and owed no formal feudal allegiance. ( Log Out / Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. 1080–1095), or The Oath of peace and truce of count Pere Ramon (1098). Royal arms of the king of Aragon and count of Barcelona until the 16th century. During most of its history it was in dynastic union with the Kingdom of Aragon, constituting together the Crown of Aragon. [9] At the time, Catalonia did not yet exist as a political entity, though the use of this term seems to acknowledge Catalonia as a cultural or geographical entity. Catalan institutions were suppressed in this part of the territory and, in 1700, public use of Catalan language was prohibited. Facebook gives people the power to share … The co-princes of Andorra are jointly the heads of state (Catalan: cap d'estat) of the Principality of Andorra, a landlocked microstate lying in the Pyrenees between France and Spain.Founded in 1278 by means of a treaty between the bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix, this unique diarchical arrangement has persisted through medieval times to the 21st century. In 795, Charlemagne created what came to be known by historiography and some Frankish chronicles as the Marca Hispanica, a buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, made up of locally administered separate counties which served as a defensive barrier between the Umayyad of Al-Andalus and the Frankish Kingdom. In 1659, after the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed by Philip IV of Spain, the comarques (counties) of Roussillon, Conflent, Vallespir and part of la Cerdanya, now known as French Cerdagne, were ceded to France. Verde i Llorente, J. Catalan – Katalanisch – Catalan Català For poetry then, this meant a painstaking attention to word selection and meaning, to verse form, and – of course – to metre and rhyme. In comparison, Northern Catalonia in France has no autonomy. His job was law and order and the maintenance of the king's peace: in many respects an office analogous to that of the sheriff in England. Catalan language flourished and expanded as more territories were added to the Crown, including Valencia, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily, Naples and Athens, constituting a thalassocracy across the Mediterranean. The terms Catalonia and Catalans were commonly used to refer to the territory in Northeastern Spain and western Mediterranean France, as well as its inhabitants, and not just the County of Barcelona, at least since the beginnings of the 12th century, as shown in the earliest recordings of these names in the Liber Maiolichinus (around 1117–1125). Title: Little Prince in Catalan El petit príncep (hardcover) Translated by Anna i Enric Casassas. Hope you like it. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Catalan Dictionary. The counts of Barcelona were Frankish vassals nominated by the Carolingian emperor then the king of the Franks, to whom they were feudatories (801–988). By 18 he had gained a law degree, and by 22 – as if being a law graduate wasn’t enough – he earned an Arts degree too. Despite this fact, between the 16th and 18th centuries, the role of the political community in local affairs and the general government of the country was increased, while the royal powers remained relatively restricted, specially after the two last Courts (1701–1702 and 1705–1706). In 1931, Republican movements favoured its abandonment because it is historically related to the monarchy. Casals, Àngel. even if it seems as if … Catalan Galleys contributed to expand and secure the hegemony along the sea, while the army invested much of its resources in the conquest of Sardinia and in the War of the Sicilian Vespers. Throughout the following years he unleashed an incredible amount of poetry, articles and translations (as diverse as writers such as Mark Twain and Charles Dickens) on the Catalan public. But for Caliban, we need to look to another literary source: William Shakespeare's The Tempest.. Political power began to shift away from Aragon toward Castile and, subsequently, from Castile to the Spanish Empire, which engaged in frequent warfare in Europe striving for world domination. Following the Nueva Planta decrees of 1716 at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) and the subsequent dismantling of Catalan institutional system, the territory being annexed to Castile became a province of the new and more unified Kingdom of Bourbon Spain, but "principality" continued to be the definition of the territory, as witness the Nueva Planta decrees created the Royal Audience of the Principality of Catalonia in 1716. The novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490), by Joanot Martorell, shows the transition from medieval to Renaissance values, something than can also be seen in the works of Bernat Metge and Andreu Febrer. By the Treaty of the Pyrenees the Roussillon was ceded to France. Yet it was not until the 14th century -specifically, since 1350- that, greetings to work of Peter III of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia became an official and popular name. «El usatge "princeps namque" en la edad moderna». The victorious army of Philip V occupied the capital of Catalonia and (as happened to the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia, also loyals to Charles) in 1716 the king enacted the Nueva Planta decrees. The Caganer’s popularity has inspired new interpretations, much to the dismay of Lliteras’ association.“We defend the traditional Caganer with his traditional red cap and peasant attire,” he said.. In Catalonia, the ERC won three seats more than its centre-right separatist rival, Junts per Catalunya (Together for Catalonia), the party of former Catalan President Carles Puigdemont. Change ). Seigniorial violence was unleashed against the peasants, utilizing new military tactics, based on contracting well armed mercenary soldiers mounted on horses. Neither the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, Spanish Constitution nor French Constitution, mention this denomination, but, despite most of them being republican, it is moderately popular among Catalan nationalists and independentists. The vegueria was a territorial organization of Catalonia headed by a veguer (Latin: vigerius). [citation needed] Today, the term Principat (Principality) is used primarily to refer to the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain, as distinct from the other Catalan Countries,[7][8] and usually including the historical region of Roussillon in southern France. [86] Examples of this can be seen in the works of Majorcan Ramon Llull (1232–1315), The Four Great Catalan Chronicles (13th-14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry which culminated in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló is regarded as one of the greatest poets of Catalan literature and a prominent literary figure of the Renaixença, a national revival movement of the late Romantic era. ( Log Out / «Catalan literature. By the end of the 11th century, documents written completely or mostly in Catalan begin to appear, like the Complaints of Guitard Isarn, Lord of Caboet (ca. Under count Ramon Berenguer III, the County of Barcelona experienced a new phase of territorial expansion. According to John Huxtable Elliott, "Between 1347 and 1497 the Principality [Catalonia] had lost 37% of its inhabitants, and was reduced to a population of something like 300,000.". Les Institucions a Catalunya fins al Decret de Nova Planta; Eumo Editorial; J. L. Van Zanden, E. Buringh & M. Bosker. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Yes, the Hell of Sabrina is a lot like Oz, complete with a tin woodsman, scarecrows (souls hanging on crosses) and a haunted forest. Prince Catalan (@princecalvadores0) sur TikTok | 171 j'aime. This constitutions developed a compilation of rights for the citizenship of the Principality and limited the power of the kings. Join Facebook to connect with Prince Jonnie Catalan and others you may know. [86] In the 11th century, feudal documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements. Between the 13th and the 18th centuries, it was bordered by the Kingdom of Aragon to the west, the Kingdom of Valencia to the south, the Kingdom of France and the feudal lordship of Andorra to the north and by the Mediterranean sea to the east. He was invited to join the ‘Institute of Catalan Studies’ where he collaborated with Pompeu Fabra, a man who is synonymous with standardising the Catalan language, i.e. During the reign of John II, social and political tensions caused the Catalan Civil War (1462–1472) and the War of the Remences ("Remença" was a mode of serfdom), 1462-1485. Usage #64 calls principatus the group of counties of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona, all of them under the authority of the count of Barcelona. The origins of the vegueria go back to the era of the Carolingian Empire, when vicars (Latin: vicarii, singular vicarius) were installed beneath the counts in the Marca Hispanica. ( Log Out / The response of the Catholic Church to the feudal violence was the establishment of the sagreres around churches and the movement of Peace and Truce of God. In return, the king of France formally renounced his claims of feudal lordship over all the Catalan counties. The political entity resulting from this process since the 13th century, was repeatedly mentioned the term "kingdom" as a medieval state, i.e. During this period, Catalan remained as one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe. In the Treaty of Corbeil, 1258, James I of Aragon, descendant of Sunifred and Bello of Carcassonne and therefore heir of the House of Barcelona, relinquished his family rights and dominions in the Languedoc and recognized the Capetian king of France Louis IX as heir of the Carolingian Dynasty. After the Carthaginian defeat, it became, along with the rest of Hispania, a part of the Roman Empire, Tarraco being one of the main Roman posts in the Iberian Peninsula and the capital of the province of Tarraconensis. In 1939, General Franco’s victory in the Spanish civil war was confirmed. [42] The domains of the Aragonese Crown were affected severely by the Black Death pandemic and by later outbreaks of the plague. The first reference to Catalonia and the Catalans appears in the Liber maiolichinus de gestis Pisanorum illustribus, a Pisan chronicle (written between 1117 and 1125) of the conquest of Majorca by a joint force of Italians, Catalans, and Occitans. The name "Principality of Catalonia" is abundant in historical documentation that refers to Catalonia between mid-14th century and early 19th century. It was also extended to Sardinia and it was used as an administrative language in Sardinia, Sicily and Athens. Perhaps (and this is only a unthought-through final thought!) This is where comes in the use of the term "principality", since at least since the 12th century, the word was synonymous total term "kingdom" which alluded generically political entities which categorize historiographically the expression "Medieval States". The Franco era ended with Franco's death in 1975; in the subsequent Spanish transition to democracy, Catalonia recovered political and cultural autonomy. What is now the Catalan territory was home to several distinct tribes of Iberians: the Indigetes in Empordà, the Ceretani in Cerdanya and the Airenosins in the Val d'Aran. (2019). Josep Carner i Puig-Oriol, to give the man his full name, must have known from a young age that he was uncovering artistic greatness. Can anything be truly objective? He was 12 when he first saw his articles in print. Catalan de Grimaldi was the son and heir of Jean I, Lord of Monaco, and succeeded his father upon his death in 1454.However, Seigneur Catalan de Monaco was not to last much longer himself. The counties that eventually made up the Principality of Catalonia were gradually unified under the rule of the count of Barcelona. This situation remained until the Kingdom of Spain was transformed permanently, despite several Carlist Wars, into a liberal state in 1833, when Secretary Javier de Burgos eliminated the province of the Principality of Catalonia, dividing the territory in four provinces that still exist. [16] During the regency of countess Ermesinde of Carcassonne (1017-1057), which received the government of Barcelona after the death of her husband the count Ramon Borrell,[17] the disintegration of central power was evident. Catalan rule over Greek lands lasted until 1390. 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 42, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes,[…], book I, printed at London: By Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount[…], OCLC 946730821: 1.1.1. Translation: ‘The most powerful prince of the Tartars is named … As time wore on, the functions of the veguer became more and more judicial in nature. I'm sorry that I haven't been uploading so much lately. 365-392, p 385. Noucentisme was strongly allied with Catalan politics, and along with his influence in linguistic matters, Carner also walked in high political circles. [22], In 1137 Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona married Queen Petronilla of Aragon, establishing the dynastic union of the County of Barcelona and its dominions with the Kingdom of Aragon, which was to create the Crown of Aragon. The Usage Princeps namque, dating from the 11th century, regulated the defense of the prince and the Principality, and became the basis of the organization of self-defense and paramilitary units throughout Catalan history, materialized in mutual-protection agreements known as Sagramental, while the militia corps was known as Sometent. Chris shares a traditional Catalan Carol arranged for solo piano by Larry Shackley. That meant the independence of the Catalan Church from the bishopric of Narbonne. This, and more, on Catalan News in 100 seconds. Flag of Barcelona, capital of the Principality, replaced during the last times by the. The last ones were promulgated by the Courts of 1705–1706, presided by the disputed Habsburg king Charles III. It was intended to indicate that the territory under the laws produced by those Courts was not a kingdom, but the enlargement of the territory under the authority of the Count of Barcelona, who was also the king of Aragon, as seen in the "Actas de las cortes generales de la Corona de Aragón 1362–1363". After the surrender of Barcelona in 1714, king Philip V of Bourbon, inspired by the French model, imposed absolutism and a unifying administration across Spain, and enacted the Nueva Planta decrees for every realm of the Crown of Aragon, which suppressed the main Catalan, Aragonese, Valencian and Majorcan political institutions and rights and merged them into the Crown of Castile as provinces. Between 1347 and 1497 Catalonia lost 37 percent of its population. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) put end to the war, and the allied armies withdrew from Catalonia which, nonetheless, remained fighting with its own army by decision of the States-General until the fall of Barcelona after a long siege on 11 September 1714. [29][30] The first Catalan constitutions, derived from the Usages of Barcelona, are of the ones from the Catalan Courts (Corts) of Barcelona from 1283. A Catalan election delay is becoming less of an abstract possibility. [51] In 1626 the Count-Duke of Olivares, minister of Philip IV, tried to establish the military contribution of the states of the Monarchy, the Unión de Armas (Union of Arms),[52] but the resistance of Catalonia to the project was strong. Impossible, you might say. In 1493, France returned the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne, which it had occupied during the conflict. The bishop Josep Torras i Bages, one of the main figures of Catalan nationalism, called him the "Prince of Catalan poets". Today, Catalan is one of the three official languages of autonomous community of Catalonia, as stated in the Catalan Statute of Autonomy; the other two are Spanish, and Occitan in its Aranese variety. The scholar and mathematician Gerbert d'Aurillac (future pope under the name of Sylvester II) studied in Vic and Ripoll and it was introduced in Arabic knowledge of mathematics and astronomy.[13]. It designate the explicit or tacit pact between king and kingdom (in its organic and estamental representation), which decisively limited the royal power. public domain political regime monarchist government. By the 5th century BC, the Iron Age Iberian civilization had become consolidated on the eastern side of the Iberian Peninsula. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. [88] Catalan has no official recognition in "Northern Catalonia". Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. This page was last edited on 8 October 2019, at 10:55. Catalan soldiers played an important role in the expansion of the Crown to Valencia, Majorca and the Mediterranean. This gentle carol for Christmas asks us to ponder the important question in the title, What Shall I Give? The journey proves to be challenging for Oliver who has only wielded a pair of scissors all of his life. It was also a term designed to distance itself from the ‘modernist’ cultural movement, with its radical, individualist perspective, preferring instead the order and objectivity of classicism. Llinatge, Reialesa i Historiografia a Catalunya des de Ramon Berenguer IV a Pere II (1131-1285)", Anuario de Estudios Medievales, p 225. Carner’s work – particularly his poetry – is characteristic of a cultural movement that emerged in Catalonia in the 1910s, Noucentisme. Prince Louis of Battenberg Prince George William of Hanover in Catalan translation and definition " Prince George William of Hanover ", English-Catalan Dictionary online During the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), the Crown of Aragon supported the Archduke Charles of Habsburg. By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the center of social and cultural dynamism. The Usage Princeps namque, dating from the 11th century, regulated the defense of the prince and the Principality,[81] and became the basis of the organization of self-defense and paramilitary units throughout Catalan history, materialized in mutual-protection agreements known as Sagramental,[82] while the militia corps was known as Sometent. In 1516 Charles I of Spain became the first king to rule the Crowns of Castile and Aragon simultaneously by his own right. The Catalan Atlas is special because it is one of the first world maps that incorperates the places described by Marco Polo, Sir John Mandeville and missionaries/diplomats who traveled to the far east. After the last one, most of the Almogavers (light infantry) became mercenaries of the Great Catalan Company created by Roger de Flor in 1303. Under Alfons I the Troubador (reigned 1164–1196), Catalonia was regarded as a legal entity for the first time. It became one of the autonomous communities of Spain. (now archaic or historical) A (male) ruler, a sovereign; a king, monarch. There are also several references to the Prince in different sections of the Usages of Barcelona, the collection of laws that ruled the county since the early 11th century. This is clip is from Youtube that I've just synced to a HD video. Thus, the Count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer I, is called "Prince of Barcelona, Count of Girona and Marchis of Ausona" (princeps Barchinonensis, comes Gerundensis, marchio Ausonensis) in the Act of Consecration of the Cathedral of Barcelona (1058). The population increased; Catalan language and culture expanded into the islands of the Western Mediterranean. Prince Philip Prince Charles Duchess of Cornwall Prince William Duchess of Cambridge Prince Harry In 988 Count Borrell II did not recognise the Frankish king Hugh Capet and his new dynasty, effectively taking Barcelona out of Frankish rule. From the 8th century, the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards, conquering territories then occupied by Muslims, bringing their language with them. Price: $64.95 / Quantity: Add to cart Description. Small wonder then that by his mid-30s he had earned the epithet ‘Prince of Catalan Poets’. The Catalan language shares common traits with the Romance languages of Iberia and Gallo-Romance languages of southern France, it is regarded by a minority of linguists as being an Ibero-Romance language (the group that includes Spanish), and by a majority as a Gallo-Romance language, such as French or Occitan from which Catalan diverged between 11th and 14th centuries. Between the 13th and 15th centuries this language was present all over the Mediterranean world, and it was one of the first basis of the Lingua Franca[87], The belief that political splendor was correlated with linguistic consolidation was voiced through the Royal Chancery, which promoted a highly standardized language. Eugeni d’Ors, coiner of the term ‘Noucentist’ (credit: udg.edu) Carner’s work – particularly his poetry – is characteristic of a cultural movement that emerged in Catalonia in the 1910s, Noucentisme . Until his death in 1970, Carner – despite what he had witnessed, and despite his own nationalist sentiments – was a strong pro-claimer of Europeanism, believing in a shared European identity based on common norms and values that transcends those of individual nationalities. [25], His son, king Peter II of Aragon, faced the defense of the Occitan territories, acquired from the times of Ramon Berenguer I onwards, from the Albigensian Crusade. The counts of Barcelona were commonly considered the princeps or primus inter pares ("the first among equals") by the other counts of the Spanish March, both because of their military and economic power, and the supremacy of Barcelona over other cities. [45][46] After decades of conflict, the peasants of remença were liberated from most of feudal abuses by the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe (1486), in exchange for a payment.[47]. The political system of the Principality of Catalonia and the other realms of the Crown of Aragon has been defined by historyography as "pactism". Oliver, a hairdresser, has undertaken a journey to rescue a princess who possesses hair made of gold. prince translate: príncep, infant, príncep. Thus, the term disappeared from the administrative and political reality of the country. Tensions between the constitutional Catalan institutions and the gradually more centralized Monarchy began to arise. Apart from the abolition of the Catalan institutions, the Nueva Planta decrees ensured the imposition of the new abolutist system by reforming the Royal Audience of Catalonia, making it the highest governmental body of the Principality, absorbing many of the functions of the abolished institutions and becoming the instrument with which the Captain General of Catalonia, the supreme authority of the province (replacing the viceroy), appointed by the king, would govern. The Courts were composed by the three estates of the realm and were presided by the king as count of Barcelona. In 1833, by decree of minister Javier de Burgos, all of Spain was organized into provinces, included Catalonia, which was divided in four provinces without a common administration: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona. ( Log Out / John's son, Ferdinand II, recovered without war the northern Catalan counties and the Constitució de l'Observança (1481) was approved, establishing the submission of royal power to the laws approved in the Catalan Courts. After the establishment of the Monarchy of Spain in the 16th century, Catalans were found in Habsburg military, however, the Usage Princeps namque and the lack of a large Catalan manpower limited their presence in comparasion to the other polities of the Empire. [19] The grandson of Ermesinde, count Ramon Berenguer I, began the codification of Catalan law in the written Usages of Barcelona[20] which was to become the first full compilation of feudal law in Western Europe. After the defeat of the pro-Habsburg coalition in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) Spanish replaced Catalan in legal documentation, becoming the administrative and political language in the Principality of Catalonia and the kingdoms of Valencia and Majorca. The middle years of the century were characterized by virulent class warfare. So late as in the 18th and 19th centuries, despite the military occupation, the imposition of high new taxes[63] and the political economy of the House of Bourbon, the Catalonia under Spanish administration (now as a province) continued the process of proto-industrialization, relatively helped at the end of the century from the beginning of open commerce to America and protectionist policies enacted by the Spanish government (although the policy of Spanish government during those times changed many times between free trade and protectionism), consolidating the new economic growth model that was taking place in Catalonia since the end of the 17th century, becoming a center of Spain's industrialization; to this day, it remains one of the more industrialized parts of Spain, along with Madrid and the Basque Country. As political and economic models for Catalonia was again banned after a brief period of General recuperation [. 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